Fighting Children and Youth Services Handbook

Sharing this information as it may help you if you are caught in the family court battle.
http://somethingforthepeople.wordpress.com/human-trafficking/news/introduction-to-legalized-kidnapping-and-adoption/home/fight-cps-hand-book/
Some good information and answers to questions many have when facing the unfriendly corruption of this agency.

Spring Township Couples Battle with Berks CYS

http://www.bctv.org/special_reports/basic_needs/why-it-can-get-messy-when-the-county-takes-someone/article_a3ef766e-cc87-11e1-a48f-0019bb2963f4.html

Co-Parenting with a Pshchpath is a Special Kind of HELL

Had to share this article as it fits my case to a tee and moany of you I am sure.

The Parent Without a Conscience

by

mummy to my son

Published on 07-11-2013 01:23 PM

43 Comments 

The following "qualities" of a typical psychopathic parent come from my own experience and from reading many of your posts (survivors who also have to expose their children to a psychopath) here on the forum.

They know their own tricks and how to play them on the kids. 
In other words if he love-bombed you, he can do it to your children, and then suddenly discard them as well. The extra bonus for a psychopathic-parent is that he can repeat this for a very long time and the child has no way of going NC, if the child gets as far as understanding what is going on then hard work has been done (mostly by the caring parent sometimes with the help of a good therapist).

They have a power-over relationship with the child.
In other words whereas in a normal relationship people influence each other, with a psychopathic-parent he exercises his power over his children and feels entitled to this - plus the psychopath has 'a legal right' to this, the law does not distinguish between types of relationships.

They will never co-parent with you, they will counter-parent.
In other words, he will make it his top priority to undo your parenting efforts with the children and make you fail as a parent. Not only is this a horribly tough battle for the caring parent (and a very long one), it is a nice 'hobby' for the psychopathic-parent, it is thrilling to see how (sometimes with very little effort) he can undo your hard work and make you suffer.

They will use the children as weapons regardless of the consequences for them.
Children are "remote controls" for a psychopathic-parent, he can use these at will to set off some drama for you and them, he can push the button and enjoy the show. Any clever psychopath will know his children (or you) well enough to know which buttons to push. Here you can make it more difficult for him if - in time (a long time) - he is excluded from the kids' activities as much as possible and gets more clueless about what they like and how their life with you is.

They do not love their children, but will demand love in return.
And even when the children do adore their psychopathic-dad it will still not be enough, it never is. It will not be enough to appease him, not enough to trust the children and not enough to be there for them. On the other hand, any lack of complete adoration from the children will give him the 'right' to retaliate against you.

They will use their children at will to prove themselves to a new partner.
But sadly this also means that after totally discarding his own children and treating them as strangers, the psychopath will then be able to 'prove' to his new partner what an evil person you are and put the OW in a triangle with you that you never wanted. You get her anger (as do the children at times) and he gets her devotion and overflowing pity. Very rarely (not, in my experience) does he actually show himself to be proud of his children even though he sees himself as the best ever dad.

They will see custody as a battle they should 'win', never as a serious responsibility.
This makes these horrible custody battles so bitter because he does not really have anything to lose, if he gets custody he can still have OW take care of the children or even drop them on you (after winning of course) because he knows you care and will care for them when he does not.

They will stick to their right of being in touch with you, using the children as an excuse.
This means that he gets this power of going totally NC with you at times when you really need him for important decisions in the lives of the kids, and then he will bother you day and night if he feels like it (or feels that you might be weak for whatever reason) using the children and his right to be their father when it is convenient to him.

To say it with a quote (from Indie Mom whose posts mean a lot to me):

Co-parenting with a psychopath is a special kind of hell.

_{This article was originally published in forum thread: The Parent Without a Conscience started by mummy to my son View original post}

Going Pro Bono or Just Need Self Help

https://lawhelpinteractive.org/
Here is a webisite that may help you go it alone.

https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/usermanuals/courts/courts.pdf information http://fightcps.com/2011/05/09/sample-statement-of-objections-and-corrections-to-the-report-of-the-social-worker/ Filing a complaint yourself against info social worker got wrong.

Mother Hiding Because of Family Court Decision and Corruption (Lebanon, PA)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27BpMtBP-2Q
This is a video of a local mother from Lebanon , PA who was forced to hide out to save her son from the abuse of her pedofile ex husband that CYS and the courts forced visitation with.  Share and if you can help her please contact her thru facebook.  Pamela Kilmer.

A Child being ABUSED by Father and Law Enforcement

https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?v=10201852807056031&set=vb.1058581344&type=2&theater
A much see to grasp just one of mant occurances daily right here in the great USA,  It needs to STOP!
http://florida.arrests.org/Arrests/Darrell_Hancock_11151104/
Father was arrested 3 times for domestic abuse this one being for attepted strangulation.
  
These pictures were taken of the boy and one of the reasons mother said she left Florida with her children and moved to Johnstown, PA.  She has family and support here.
This is a debate https://www.facebook.com/LegallyKidnapped/posts/10203097533503329?comment_id=8115824&offset=0&total_comments=270&notif_t=feed_comment_reply  that I started by forcing this video to go viral.  Lot's of opinions and insight.  I am posting it because I do believe there was a better way to handle this whole situation by #1 using a third party (neighbors and or lawyers) to handle the drop off.  #2 preparation for the visit should have started days before by talking about it, packing for it, and being matter of fact about it.  The boys is eight and may have been beaten and witnessed a lot of distress and violence between his parents.  Of course he is not going to want to leave mom.  But because family courts intrude on our lives when we can't figure it out on our own we have to obey court orders.  Like em or not.  I believe this situation unfolded faster and in a way that nobody present was expecting.  Dad had no right to restrain or hit the child nor did the police need to aid and participate in that abuse.  The child should have been left to go and be comforted by mom and while talking calmly involved the father in a comforting way.  Most children of this age will settle down and if both parents seem OK with the situation they will do what is expected of them.  In a perfect world in which in which we do not live.  Many divorce/custody cases get heated and very ugly.  In the moment it is so hard to act responsibly but when children are in the mix and witnessing your behavior you have to act in their best interest first.  At no time did the mother hit her child.  She was being held back from comforting him and she made it very clear that it was being recorded and that she was going to share the information.  I am appalled that law enforcement officers, I counted 3, stood by and actually participated in the abuse of this child (children).  My guess is they were friends of the fathers and were prepared to be prejudice.  My objection in this whole thing was and is the safety of the children.  They are helpless and the trauma and lifetime scars inflicted on innocent children are something I will never stop fighting for and talking about.  It is a mission as a mother and a foster mother I take seriously.  I will be a part of the solution until I am no longer breathing.

Kidnapping Children and Almost Getting Away With it plus the Cash for Kids scandal.

http://www.youtube.com/embed/qX4is-1e2KI
Another very informative powerful video as evidence to what Children and Youth Services and the Department of Welfare do to families and get away with it.  I have witnessed this in my own case as have thousands of PA families.  Targeting the poor, holding children hostage, lying, covering up, ignoring laws and rights, using the police and entering without warrants.....the list goes on.  Pay attention PA residents.  This could be you or your family someday.  Don't wait until you are a victim to help make these creeps in these agencies held accountable!

http://work2bdone.com/live/2013/11/kids-for-cash-in-theaters-february-2014/
This is an overlook at the "Cash for Kids" scandal in Luzerne County.  These creeps sold kids into detention center for big bucks.  It takes so long to expose these corrupt happenings because so many are to scared to expose them.  After all people have been killed calling out what CYS agencies do.  My nephew was threatened by Judge Arthur Grim of being sent to Hershey Boys School.  To this day I believe he was involved in this scandal and was never caught.  Because I attended the hearing when he tried to throw my nephew to the wolves I witnessed first hand just how much these people get away with.  The savior was an Attorney, Barbara Washburn, from New Jersey.  She was not afraid of the corruption in the Berks County Courthouse and saved my nephew from being a victim of "Cash for Kids!"  We need more fearless lawyers and whistle blowers to get on board and take down all of the players in the many scams being run everyday on our children and families.

The Modern Mafia video on the CORRUPTION in Children and Youth Services.

This is one of the BEST videos I have seen done that covers how corrupt Children and Youth Services, DPW, lawyers, and social workers are.  Please watch every segment.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Uln3nOavpQ
Dr Keefer hits the nail on the head.  This needs to stop.  Children and families deserve the rights this country has given us to not be abused and destroyed by these agencies.

Useful info and contacts when fighting CYS

http://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20121213/new-york-city/ex-acs-workers-arrested-for-falsifying-abused-childrens-records-city-says

http://onlineathens.com/local-news/2012-09-05/georgia-child-protection-workers-arrested-probe

http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2013&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=R&billNbr=0035&pn=0247

http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/PN/Public/btCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&sessYr=2013&sessInd=0&billBody=H&billTyp=R&billNbr=0036&pn=0248

Title 18 of PA Crime Codes..........
CYS does not have immunity folks...!
§ 4910. Tampering with or fabricating physical evidence.
A person commits a misdemeanor of the second degree if,
believing that an official proceeding or investigation is
... pending or about to be instituted, he:
(1) alters, destroys, conceals or removes any record,
document or thing with intent to impair its verity or
availability in such proceeding or investigation; or
(2) makes, presents or uses any record, document or
thing knowing it to be false and with intent to mislead a
public servant who is or may be engaged in such proceeding or
investigation.

Cross References. Section 4910 is referred to in section
5552 of Title 42 (Judiciary and Judicial Procedure).

http://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/Legis/CSM/showMemoPublic.cfm?chamber=H&SPick=20130&cosponId=11363

http://www.reptoohil.com/NewsItemPrint.aspx?NewsID=11642

http://sarasotacrookedlawyers.com/parents-increasingly-turning-to-federal-courts-for-civil-rights-protections/

These line items in the General Appropriations Act of 2012 (GAA) are: "mental health services" in the amount of about $662.3 million; "intellectual disabilities – community base program" in the amount of $151.2 million; "Medical Assistance – Outpatient Services" in the amount of $360.1 million; "Behavioral Health Services" in the amount of $43.1 million; "children and youth programs for the care of delinquent and dependent children" in the amount of $1 billion; the human services development fund in the amount of $13.4 million; and homeless assistance services in the amount of $18.5 million. GAA, S.B. 1466, P.N. 2335 (2012), at 286, 289, 295, 297, 302. The GAA states that the appropriated "sums … are hereby specifically appropriated from the general fund for the purposes hereinafter set forth." Id. at 201-02.
13 The percentage amount increases in each successive fiscal year until fiscal year 2016-2017 when there will be no limit on the amount of funds that participating counties can divert from one program to another. See Section 1405-B(b) of the Public Welfare Code, 62 P.S. §1405-B(b).
http://www.repturzai.com/ChildProtectionMeasures.aspx

OPERATION CYS REFORM AND FAMILY LAW REFORM

Letter Campaign

We The People of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania demand that our Legislators in Harrisburg and Washington address public concerns about unacceptable conditions with CYS, related Agencies and Pennsylvania’s Judiciary. We have set a guideline of changes we would like to see implemented into these two branches of government. A nationwide campaign is being conducted by activists, advocates, and victims of each state in an effort to have our voices heard on the problems facing American Citizens in our current form of child protection agencies and family law courtrooms.

CYS reform: It is primary to families in Pennsylvania and across the nation to stop the abuse of our children. We believe that crimes against children should be charged in the criminal division, as criminal acts against children who are involved in custody cases are rarely ever punished or brought to trial. More than 58,000 children are taken each year when a protective parent reports abuse. This is alarming and in our opinion, a form of human trafficking for Federal dollars under incentives provided by the Clinton Foundation with Family Preservation and Support Services programs. We urge state representatives to cut costs of hiring more child service workers and implementing a more efficient system of child protection. We are citing the grand jury case of Danielle Ross, who was indicted for false tax returns and tax evasion. Parents were threatened and over-billed for services by Ross, a Family Court Guardian.

Human Services; Pennsylvania families demand that Human Services, under the Department of Public Welfare, be totally reformed so that family members are not wrongfully taken away from their loved ones by overly-aggressive and often vindictive County Agencies – Children and Youth, Developmental Programs, Aging, and every set of non-elected government employees who wrongfully assume the power of law enforcement and destroy innocent families. We are citing the Danieal Kelly case, where 16 people were convicted of charges related to the death of this 14 year old child with cerebral palsy. She was starved to death in squalid conditions. Those convicted included caseworkers and contractors from provider agencies. A former DHS caseworker was sentenced to up to 15 years in jail.

Family Law Reform; We are asking for reform of the family law system which currently is in the hands of Judges who make bias rulings, implement various interpretations of Family Law codes, and place children in the custody of their abusers. Massive incompetence and corruption has infected the legal system and caused serious harm to children and families, predominantly in the Family Court System. Children are being illegally taken from their parents, assets are being pilfered by court officers, and homes are being driven into default by judicial misconduct. Custody evaluators fail to address the best interest of children and must be eliminated. The courts shall not order a protective parent into silence by gag orders, or otherwise prevent or hinder further reports of child abuse with threats of retaliation by the courts. The family court system is a self-regulated system that is profiting from this out-of-control judicial power. The people have a right to a fair court system and the right to confront these issues of incompetence and misconduct. We are citing the Kids for Cash Scandal in Luzerne Co. as one example of the stated misconduct.

We hope you will consider the far reaching benefits to our nation, our families, and our children by implementing change and reform.

Sincerely,

To All States. This is our standard response letter to government representatives, to outline the areas of concern, and the message of our call for reform. Anyone may send this to there representatives after they announce our state announcement letters or if any of the offices contacts you for links, sources and discussion on the matters.

My name is ______________ resident of _____________ I am one of the lead activists promoting a Nationwide Letter Campaign to each of the fifty state representatives. In addition to our state requests for reform of Child services and Family law Court to each state, we will be writing to Federal offices and Agencies.

The nationwide campaign is conducted by activists, advocates, and victims of each state in an effort to have our voices heard on the problems facing American Citizens in our current form of child protection agencies and family law courtrooms.
We have set a guideline of changes we would like to see implemented into these two branches of government.

CPS reform: It is primary to families across the nation to see Child services agencies not removing children, already experiencing crisis, from family units. We believe the abusers of children should be removed and charged with the crime. We believe it is further abuse to the children to remove them from family units to include grandparents, aunts, uncles, sisters, brothers, and protective parent. Alarming numbers of newborn to age 4yrs. children are taken by Child services across the country and placement denied for relatives of the child. This is alarming and in our opinion, a form of human trafficking for Federal dollars under incentives provided by the Clinton Foundation with Family Preservation and Support Services program. We disagree with the incentive to move with rapid adoption of children seized by these agencies. We believe children taken from abusive homes generally have a qualified relative with whom the child can be placed. We urge state representatives to cut costs of hiring more child service workers and implementing a more efficient system of child protection. And as seen in the national statistics, prior foster children occupy our penal systems in high numbers. Foster care is not working. We need to see strict thorough review of the backgrounds of those people given the position of foster parents and social workers to include; drug testing, criminal background checks, periodic lie detection tests, and review of caseload recommendations.

Family Law Reform; We are asking for reform of the family law system which currently is in the hands of Judges whom make bias rulings, various interpretations of Family law codes, and place children in the custody of their abusers. Often, we are seeing Judges removing visitation to one or the other parent in a retaliatory form for speaking out about abuses within the family unit. We do not believe families and children belong in the court system. We encourage each state to reform this system to include; Two party Forums with state guidelines to reach a successful conclusion of dissolution/custody. Criminal acts or allegations before /during or after the dissolution process to be redirected into Criminal courts. (fraud, assault, stalking, assault on a minor, sexual assault on a minor, perjury, harassment, and other incitement crimes) Penalty of perjury enforced with penalties for false allegations. Family law lawyers removed from the forum and acting 'consultations' only. Judges removed from the family law forums with the exception of Criminal Family Law courtrooms. We believe, the two party forums with both spouses, will force each parent to work through their agreements without the high cost of lawyers and Judges whom profit from longstanding family law disputes and long standing trauma to the children involved. Not only does it eliminate the financial devastation, it removes the ability of a 'out of control' spouse from using the family court system as a further abuse against the other parent. For the state, it will save costs of operating a family law courtrooms in it's current form. Forums can be set up in either online mediation forums or in mediation forums within the courthouse. Mediators acting as referees only with instructions to follow the dissolution process and guidelines. Penalties and fines for those parents who are unwilling to comply with the state guidelines to a successful dissolution/custody agreement.

Our campaign is at it's infancy. We are pleased to see many representatives interested in considering reforms to these two broken systems. We are in the process of accumulating Cases to present as 'cause' for reform and will be sending these to the Governors across the country. We hope you will consider the far reaching benefits to our nation, our families, and our children by implementing reforms in your state. As we receive responses, we will ask residents of each state to send their statement of damages/injury specific to your state.

I thank you for your response and consideration into the matters at hand.

Sincerely.
________________________________
OPERATION CPS REFORM AND FAMILY LAW REFORM; Letter Campaign

Subject: PA legislators emails (44)
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2013 13:45:29 -0400


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Baker, Matthew E. mbaker@pahousegop.com

Barrar, Stephen parep160@aol.com

Bloom, Stephen sbloom@pahousegop.com

Christiana, Jim jchristi@pahousegop.com

Cutler, Bryan bcutler@pahousegop.com

Day, Gary Gday@pahousegop.com

Delozier, Sheryl M. Sdelozie@pahousegop.com

DiGirolamo, Gene gdigirol@pahousegop.com

Emrick, Joe Jemrick@pahousegop.com

Evankovich, Eli eevankov@pahousegop.com

Everett, Garth D. geverett@pahousegop.com

Gingrich, Mauree mgingric@pahousegop.com

Greiner, Keith J. kgreiner@pahousegop.com

Grell, Glen R. ggrell@pahousegop.com

Hahn, Marcia M. mhahn@pahousegop.com

Haluska, Gary RepHaluska@pahouse.net

Harper, Kate kharper@pahousegop.com

Harris, C. Adam aharris@pahousegop.com

Helm, Susan C. shelm@pahousegop.com

Hess, Dick L. dhess@pahousegop.com

Hickernell, David S. Dhickern@pahousegop.com

Kreiger, Timothy Tkrieger@pahousegop.com

Lawrence, John A. jlawrenc@pahousegop.com

Lucas, Gregory S. glucas@pahousegop.com

Maloney, David M. dmaloney@pahousegop.com

Mentzer, Steven C. smentzer@pahousegop.com

Moul, Dan dmoul@pahousegop.com

Murt, Thomas P. tmurt@pahousegop.com

Mustio, Mark mmustio@pahousegop.com

O誰eill, Bernie boneill@pahousegop.com

Peifer, Michael mpeifer@pahousegop.com

Pickett, Tina tpickett@pahousegop.com

Pyle, Jeffrey P. jpyle@pahousegop.com

Reed, Dave dreed@pahousegop.com

Reese, Mike Mreese@pahousegop.com

Regan, Mike mregan@pahousegop.com

Rock, Todd trock@pahousegop.com

Sonney, Curtis G, csonney@pahousegop.com

Stephens, Todd Tstephen@pahousegop.com

Stern, Jerry jstern@pahousegop.com

Swanger, RoseMarie rswanger@pahousegop.com

Turzai, Mike mturzai@pahousegop.com

Vereb, Mike mvereb@pahousegop.com

Watson, Katharine M. kwatson@pahousegop.com

Under The Constitution of The United States Of America

"No man who is in a position of authority over them is above the law. Those who have been victimized have the real ability to seek civil and criminal punishment against those who use the authority of the state to act outside the law with impunity."

Under The Constitution of the United States of America all Americans have the right to be free from threats, duress, coercion, or intimidation in their dealings with the State.

Under the Constitution of the United States of America all Americans have the right to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable search and seizure.

Under our 6Th Constitutional Amendment All Americans have the right to not be subjected to hearsay evidence against them.

Under the 5th Amendment of The Constitution of the United States America - All American's have the right to not be compelled to be a witness against him/herself.

Under the Constitution of the United States of America Parents have the right to not to be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law.

Under the Constitution of the United States of America all Americans have the right to be legally protected from slanderous or libelous reports against them; and the right to be able to seek real retribution for any such violations against their character.

 

LETTER TO THE WHITE HOUSE/ ALL STATE PARTICIPATION/ FAMILY LAW REFORM DEMAND LETTER.

1. Click on the link to the white house email system.
2. Copy and Paste the body of the message, (add your name at the bottom) into the message box
3. Send.

http://www.whitehouse.gov/contact/submit-questions-and-comments

President Barack Obama,

We, the people are writing to your office once again. In an effort to begin national discussion on the over reach and illegal actions of Racketeering by Judicial officers and Attorneys across America, CALIFORNIA COALITION OF FAMILIES AND CHILDREN have filed a RICO lawsuit against San Diego Bar Association for Racketeering. Colbern Stuart III, speaks clearly of the problems Americans are facing across the Nation.

““The abuses of parents and children by Family Courts, social workers, and family law attorneys have harmed parents and children for far too long. We intend to end that abuse.” says CCFC President Colbern Stuart. “Family court is designed by its makers to be probably the most dangerous life event parents and children can endure. It enables and profits from every inhumane instinct known to man—greed, hate, resentment, fear—resulting in abundant cash flow for the divorce industry and a fallout of parent and children’s misery.”

“And behind the curtain of this machine of misery we’ve uncovered its cause—the multi-billion dollar divorce industry, populated by judges, attorneys, and a machinery of tax-dollar fed “judicial administrators,” social workers that George Orwell would marvel at.” “We’ve been delivering that message kindly for years now, yet the tide keeps rising on families in crisis. We’ve appealed to the county courts, state and local politicians, state judicial oversight bodies, United States Representatives, and just plain old human dignity, but the harassment and abuse of parents and children has only increased. A resort to federal court intervention in the widespread criminal collusion in state government was the next logical step.”

“It’s time to recognize Family Court for what it is—a corporate crime ring raiding parents and children of financial and psychological well-being, and devouring our children’s futures. And its not just divorce lawyers—its judges, “judicial administrators,” psychologists, cops and prosecutors—people we should be able to trust—in a modern day criminal cabal using county courtrooms and sheriff’s deputies as the machinery of organized crime.” Say Stuart. “Since state officials’ hands are too deep into the cookie jar to stop their own abuse, we’re seeking the assistance of federal oversight.”

            Colbern Stuart III, California Coalition for Families and Children. CCFC.

I ask you to stand with the American Parents and Children who have suffered under the broken system of Family Law. We have thousands of testimonies of men, women and children who are suffering under this oppressive and corrupt system. We hope, you will recognize the potential of strong families, healthy children and a system which does not financially, spiritually, mentally destroy the family unit.

I call on the White House and it’s Administration to protect American Citizens from this abuse of power. I will look forward to your support of mothers, fathers and children in this issue. Reform Family Law Courtrooms.

Sincerely,

(Your Name)

Dr Raven Keefer excellent 8 videos on the corruption in CYS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EF_O7sQH6as&list=PLtldcDxutUZ3M6c1hhtArt29mm6h7fbct

Psychopsema Yep there is a name for it!

Psychopsema Words are important. It’s good to know what we’re up against. rs

The term and description were created by Canadian and American social service crime researchers Nicolas Stathopoulos and Felicita Luna in early 2011. Both researchers are part of SSEC Social Service Economic Crimes (research)

1 - A false report of child abuse is authored by a group of social workers against a single parent or parents. The colluding workers then, utilize the methodology of psychopsema to profit from the crime.

2 - A malicious social service worker colludes with her peers to fabricate evidence and to practice psychopsema.

3 - The system of psychopsema subjects a victim into the social service system without merit or justification.

4 - Psychopsema is mainly categorized as an orchestrated assault against a parent, a child or a family by a social service worker, seeking to profit from a crime.

2 years ago

Psychopsema psy•cho-pse-ma is mainly categorized as an orchestrated assault, utilizing several methods of fraud, psychological operations, psychological intimidation and other similar premeditated offense based systems against a parent or a family. A malicious social worker or other malicious social service professionals usually employed by a Child Protection Service (CPS) agency or a similar social service agency are the perpetrators of the act.

Psychopsema is mainly utilized to deflect attention from crimes committed by said workers against children, as those children are canvased, for the purpose of profit. “Child Protection Service” agencies throughout, North America, the UK, Australia and other European countries are the benefactors of the act.